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Hafnium atom & ion lab

Change the electron count of Hafnium and inspect its charge, shells and reviewed atomic properties.

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Scientific learning path

  1. 01UnderstandLive
  2. 02ExploreLive
  3. 03ExperimentLive
  4. 04ObserveLive
  5. 05ExplainLive
  6. 06ApplyLive
  7. 07TestLive
Explanation mode
Hf

Core label represents the fixed nuclear charge; individual neutrons are not inferred from standard atomic weight.

Reviewed atomic properties

Unavailable measurements remain explicitly unavailable.

First ionization energy658.5 kJ mol⁻¹
Covalent radius175 pm
Electronegativity1.3 Pauling

Almost the same size as zirconium above it: the lanthanide contraction has cancelled out the expected increase.

Description of this simulation

Hafnium is neutral here: 72 protons are balanced by 72 electrons across shells 2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2.

Quick test · 3 questions
1. Which statement is evidence from this simulation?
2. How should you test the effect of one control?
3. Why read the model notes?

Hf

Hafnium

Z = 72
Protons
72
Electrons
72
Shells
2 · 8 · 18 · 32 · 10 · 2
Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
Common oxidation states
4
Phase near room conditions
solid

What this model shows — and what it simplifies

Educational Model

The nuclear charge stays fixed at 72 protons, which is what defines Hafnium.

Where do we see this in real life?

The electron count and measured properties of Hafnium help determine how it bonds, reacts and is identified in chemical materials.

Explain this result

Scientific review record

Building
Module version
v1 bundled
Published
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Last reviewed
Not yet verified
Academic level
Undergraduate
Reviewer
Not publicly assigned

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